A blockchain bridge provides a connection that allows for the transfer of tokens or data between two different blockchain ecosystems.
A significant challenge of blockchains to date is their lack of interoperability. Once a developer builds their decentralized application on any particular platform, they’re generally locked into that platform with no opportunity to leverage any of the benefits of other blockchains.
For example, Ethereum has well-documented scalability issues that many developers probably hoped would be solved by now. If they move to another, faster platform, such as EOS, then they lose out on the benefits that Ethereum does offer: a large community, a widely supported token standard and the most-adopted smart contract platform.
Therefore, a developer can use a bridge to send their token from one blockchain platform to another, leveraging the benefits of both. In a truly interoperable blockchain ecosystem, tokens, data and smart contracts could potentially travel between many different platforms.
Bridges generally use some kind of mint-and-burn protocol to keep token supply constant across all platforms. When the token leaves one blockchain, it is burned or locked, and an equivalent token is minted on the opposite blockchain. Conversely, when the token moves back to its original network, the “twin” token is burned or locked.
What are the benefits of blockchain bridges?
There are many benefits to using blockchain bridges. For example, a DApp developer using Ethereum frequently suffers issues with poor user experience due to slow transaction processing speed and expensive gas fees during times of high traffic and congestion. By using a bridge, they can send their token onto another blockchain for processing at a higher speed and a lower cost. This means that the developer can continue to run their DApp on Ethereum, using ERC-20 token standards and tapping into Ethereum’s vibrant developer and user community.
Both blockchain ecosystems also benefit from developers using the bridge. It reduces network traffic on Ethereum by dispersing it over other, less congested blockchains, thus going some way to solving Ethereum’s ongoing scalability challenges. The other blockchain gains exposure to — and adoption by — the Ethereum community.
Use cases for a bridge could include instant payments at point of sale, which has so far been virtually impossible given the scalability challenges of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). Bridges could also prove useful for DApps needing instant settlement for a seamless user experience, such as casino games.
How do blockchain bridges work?
Much like blockchains themselves, bridges can be operated on a spectrum of decentralization. The bridges outlined above fall into two categories: federated and trustless.
A federated bridge is run in a similar way to a private or permissioned blockchain. The project establishes a set of criteria for which someone can qualify to become part of the federation that manages and oversees bridge transactions. For example, in Wanchain, specialized nodes called “storemen” lock tokens on the Ethereum blockchain using secure multiparty computation. The equivalent value of tokens is minted on Wanchain, and when the user wants to move the assets back onto Ethereum, a threshold of storemen must provide their fragment of the secret key.
A trustless bridge can operate through a decentralized network of agents. Unlike the federated model, anyone can join the network as an agent, and agents are incentivized to ensure that bridge transactions are validated correctly. For example, the Syscoin bridge uses a network of agents that stake Ether and earn fees from bridge transactions, which are grouped into superblocks. If any agent believes that another isn’t acting in the interests of the network by submitting invalid superblocks, they can raise a challenge. If the challenge is upheld, the challenger wins 3 ETH from the submitter. Conversely, the challenger loses 3 ETH if their challenge is deemed unfounded.
